India – China Relation

- Panchsheel –

In 1954, Indo-China relation were very good. Both countries accepted to adopt – “Panchsheel ”which is related with…. co-existence ,peace, Friendship, etc.

-Asylum to Dalai Lama-

But in 1958, India Gave asylum to Dalai Lama( honorary citizenship of Canada , Hungry, France ,no Indian citizenship

-As a result relations became bitter & China attacked on India in 1962. China occupied 38,000 sq. km of north –east  Kashmir known as Ladhakh (Aksai-China).

China claims –

- Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA)-

90,000 sq. kms Area of ………Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA)

- Sikkim. 

from time to time it also claims On Sikkim. 

- McMohan line

A line was plotted between India & China under Mc-Mohan in 1914 known as McMohan line. It is 850 mile in length. It was plotted with blue pencil. The thickness of line plotted on field is 6 miles which created controversy sometimes.

- Aksai Chin is a disputed border area between China and India.

 But it is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962, China and India fought a brief war in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996, the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.

India-China: Stapled Visa Issue

When the visas for a visiting country are issued on a separate paper rather than on the passport it is called stapled visa. It is the Visa on separate piece of paper stapled to passport instead of pasting the same on passport. China is presently issuing stapled visa to residents of ……….J&K and Arunanchal Pradesh who wish to travel to China.

The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road

Also known as… The Belt and Road (abbreviated B&R),……One Belt, One Road (abbreviated OBOR) or the Belt and Road Initiative is a development strategy and framework, proposed by Chinese paramount leader ……Xi Jinping that focuses on ……connectivity and cooperation among countries primarily between the People's Republic of China and the rest of Eurasia, which consists of two main components, the land-based

- "Silk Road Economic Belt" (SREB) and

-  "Maritime Silk Road" (MSR).

The strategy underlines China's push to take a bigger role in global affairs, and its need for priority capacity cooperation in areas such as steel manufacturing.

In 2013 SREB (Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB))and ……MSR( Maritime Silk Road)was unveiled.

India’s Concerns China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a..3000 km project connecting Pakistan’s deep-water port Gwadar and China’s Xinjiang falls under the OBOR initiative of China.

The CPEC passes through..Gilgit-Baltistan region of the Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.

India is the only country in South Asia which has not taken interest in OBOR or other such plans of China for ………obvious reasons.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

The AAAB is a Brain child of China as a potential rival or an alternative to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

AIIB is a multilateral development bank and international financial institution that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in Asia.

 It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution .

 Headquartered in Beijing, China,

 The bank currently has 109 members, including 14 prospective members from around the world.

India was among the AIIB's 57 founding members in 2016. It is also its second-largest shareholder (with 7.62% voting shares) after China (26.06%). It has received USD 4.35 billion from the Bank.

The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015

 The starting capital of the bank was US$100 billion, equivalent to ²⁄₃ of the capital of the Asian Development Bank and about half that of the World Bank.

The New Development Bank (NDB),

 The NDB  is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).

The bank is headquartered in Shanghai, China.

 The first regional office of the NDB is in Johannesburg, South Africa , GIFT City, India and Moscow, Russia.

The NDB shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments."

The initial authorized capital of the bank is $100 billion

India China Stand Off-2020

The recent face off faceoff & stand off between the Chinese Dragon and the Mother India at Laddakh has once again turned the public sentiments from COVID-19 towards nationalism .

On 15 June, 2020 stand off with the PLA resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers of 16th Bihar Regiment and its commanding officer (a colonel).

How is India Responding to China's Aggressive Measures?

India’s Necklace of Diamonds Strategy:

In response to China's String of Pearls strategy, India adopted the Necklace of Diamonds strategy, emphasizing the encirclement of China by enhancing its naval presence, expanding military bases, and strengthening diplomatic ties with regional nations.

Global Strategic Alliances:

India actively engages with like-minded nations to collectively address China's influence in the Indian Ocean Region

QUAD: 

It is the grouping of four democracies –India, Australia, the US, and Japan. All four nations find a common ground of being democratic nations and also support the common interest of unhindered maritime trade and security.

I2U2: 

It is a new grouping of India, Israel, the USA, and the UAE. Forming alliances with these countries strengthens India's geopolitical standing in the region.

  India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC):

Launched as an alternative trade and connectivity corridor, IMEC aims to strengthen India's presence in the Arabian Sea and the Middle East.

Funded by the Partnership for Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII), it serves as a counter-initiative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with the support of G7 nations.

  International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC):

INSTC, established through an agreement between India, Iran, and Russia, creates a comprehensive 7,200-km multi-mode transportation network connecting the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Caspian Sea.

   Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) :

It is an intergovernmental organization established to promote economic cooperation and regional integration among countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

IORA member states work on various initiatives related to trade, investment, and sustainable development in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).