Great Barrier Reef has recorded its largest Coral Bleach

Context:

The Great Barrier Reef has recorded its largest annual coral cover decline in nearly 40 years, driven by severe coral bleaching, cyclones, and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks.

About Great Barrier Reef has recorded its largest Coral Bleach:

What is Coral Bleaching?

A stress response in corals when symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) are expelled from coral tissues.

Loss of algae removes the coral’s main food source and colour, leaving it pale or white.

Bleaching does not always kill coral, but prolonged stress can lead to mortality.

Causes of Coral Bleaching:

Increased Sea Temperatures – Often from climate change and El Niño events.

Pollution & Runoff – Nutrient-rich runoff from agriculture promotes harmful algal blooms and reduces water quality.

Overexposure to Sunlight – High solar irradiance during heat events.

Extreme Low Tides – Exposes shallow corals to air and heat stress.

Cold Stress Events – Rare but possible, such as Florida Keys (2010).

Process of Coral Bleaching:

Healthy State – Coral and algae (zooxanthellae) coexist in a symbiotic relationship, with algae providing most of the coral’s energy and colour through photosynthesis.

Stress Trigger – Environmental changes like warmer sea temperatures, pollution, or extreme sunlight disturb this balance, causing physiological stress to the coral.

Algae Expulsion – In response to stress, coral ejects the algae from its tissues, losing its primary food source and vibrant colour.

Bleached Stage – The coral’s transparent tissue exposes its white skeleton, leaving it weak, energy-deprived, and prone to disease.

Outcome – If stress is short-lived, algae return and the coral recovers; if prolonged, the coral dies and reef ecosystems degrade.

Implications:

Ecosystem Collapse – Coral reefs host ~25% of marine species.

Economic Loss – Impacts fishing, coastal protection, and tourism.

Biodiversity Decline – Loss of breeding grounds for marine life.

Climate Feedback Loop – Dead reefs store less carbon and lose their role as natural wave barriers.

……………………

Biochar in India

Context:

India is set to launch its carbon credit trading market in 2026, and biochar is emerging as a promising CO₂ removal technology with applications in agriculture, construction, and energy.

About Biochar in India:

What is Biochar?

Biochar is a carbon-rich byproduct formed by pyrolysis (burning biomass without oxygen) of agricultural residue or organic municipal waste. It is porous, stable, and long-lasting, making it a natural carbon sink when added to soil.

India’s Untapped Biochar Potential

Agricultural and waste resource base: India produces over 600 million tonnes of agri-residue and 60 million tonnes of municipal solid waste annually.

Carbon removal: Using 30–50% of this waste, 15–26 million tonnes of biochar can be generated, removing 0.1 gigatonnes of CO₂-eq per year.

Job creation: Decentralised production at village level could create up to 5.2 lakh rural jobs.

Example: Punjab’s stubble burning crisis can be addressed by converting crop residue into biochar,                              reducing a ir pollution and creating rural livelihoods.

Multisectoral Benefits of Biochar:

Byproducts and Energy Potential:

Syngas (20–30 MT) and bio-oil (24–40 MT) can generate 8–13 TWh electricity annually.

Can replace 0.4–0.7 million tonnes of coal, reducing fossil fuel dependence.

Bio-oil can offset 8% of India’s diesel/kerosene use, cutting 2% of fossil-fuel emissions.

Example: Maharashtra pilot projects have used pyrolysis gas for rural micro-grids, reducing diesel generator use.

Agriculture and Soil Health:

Improves water retention and reduces fertilizer needs by 10–20%.

Enhances crop yields by 10–25%, especially in semi-arid, nutrient-depleted soils.

Reduces N₂O emissions by 30–50%, a gas 273x more potent than CO₂.

Example: Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming uses biochar to improve soil organic carbon content.

Construction Sector Use:

Adding 2–5% biochar to concrete:

Boosts mechanical strength

Increases heat resistance by 20%

Sequesters ~115 kg CO₂/m³

Offers green alternative to cement in India’s booming infrastructure sector.

Example: IIT-Madras research shows biochar-concrete mix reduces embodied carbon in buildings.

Wastewater Treatment:

1 kg of biochar can treat 200–500 litres of wastewater.

India generates 70 billion litres/day, with 72% untreated — huge demand potential for biochar.

Ideal for decentralised wastewater solutions in urban slums and rural areas.

Challenges to Large-Scale Adoption of Biochar:

Absence of Standardised Feedstock Markets: Lack of uniform pricing and quality standards for agricultural residue and biomass feedstock makes large-scale procurement and processing commercially unviable.

Weak Carbon Accounting and MRV Frameworks: Inadequate monitoring, reporting, and verification systems undermine credibility in international carbon markets, discouraging investor participation.

Limited R&D and Localisation: Insufficient region-specific research on pyrolysis technologies and biomass optimisation hampers productivity and suitability across agro-climatic zones.

Fragmented Policy and Institutional Coordination: Biochar remains excluded from mainstream agriculture, waste, energy, and climate policies, creating policy silos that block integrated solutions.

Lack of Scalable Business Models: Absence of financial incentives, start-up incubation, or private sector participation has prevented the emergence of commercially viable biochar enterprises at scale.

Way Forward:

Policy Integration:

Include biochar in:

Crop Residue Management programs

State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs)

National Bio-Energy and Waste Management Policies

Carbon Market Recognition:

Recognise biochar as an eligible carbon removal pathway under the Indian Carbon Market, enabling credit-based income for farmers and entrepreneurs.

Strengthen R&D:

Develop agro-climatic zone-wise standards.

Promote indigenous pyrolysis technologies for decentralised, low-cost deployment.

Awareness and Training:

Farmer extension services, agri-tech platforms, and local panchayats must be sensitised to biochar benefits and production.

Conclusion:

Biochar is not a silver bullet, but a scientifically validated, multi-sectoral tool to meet India’s dual goals of climate action and inclusive development. With strategic policy integration, market recognition, and community-driven implementation, biochar can become central to India’s carbon-neutral growth narrative.

…………………………..

Bird Deaths and Wind Energy in India

Context:

India added 3.5 GW of wind power in early 2025, marking 82% annual growth, but a Wildlife Institute of India study raised concerns over rising bird deaths near turbines in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert, sparking debate on the ecological impact of renewables.

About Bird Deaths and Wind Energy in India:

Findings from the WII Study (Thar Desert):

Conducted over a 3,000 sq. km area in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Studied 90 wind turbines and found 124 bird carcasses.

Estimated 4,464 bird deaths per 1,000 sq. km per year.

In control sites with no turbines, no bird deaths were recorded.

Critically endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard are at risk.

The study found raptors to be the most affected bird group.

Collisions with both wind turbine blades and associated power lines were major causes.

Why Bird Mortality is a Serious Issue?

Migratory Disruption: Thar Desert lies on a key migratory flyway, and turbine installations disrupt bird movement and breeding.

Raptor Vulnerability: Raptors’ slow reproduction makes them highly sensitive to even minor mortality increases.

Biodiversity Hotspot: Wind zones like Jaisalmer host rich birdlife, including endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard.

Past Underestimation: Previous studies underestimated risks due to lower bird densities and limited turbine coverage.

Ecological Imbalance: Bird loss affects trophic balance, increasing pests and harming agriculture.

Key Gaps in Policy:

No Onshore EIAs: Onshore wind farms are exempt from mandatory environmental assessments.

Weak Wildlife Review: Clearance processes often ignore biodiversity impacts in sensitive areas.

Shallow Offshore EIAs: Offshore wind projects rely on limited, rapid environmental assessments.

Cumulative Impact Ignored: Current EIAs neglect regional and long-term ecological consequences.

Poor Ministry Coordination: Lack of synergy between MNRE and MoEFCC delays ecological safeguards.

Mitigation Measures and Tools:

Blade Painting: Painting one blade black enhances visibility and reduces bird collisions.

Timed Shutdowns: Turbines can be paused during peak migration to prevent strikes.

Smart Layout Design: Reorienting turbines away from flyways minimizes risks.

Use of AVISTEP: Mapping tool identifies bird-sensitive zones for better site selection.

Ground Surveys: Field studies are essential to validate remote avian sensitivity data.

What Needs to be Done:

Mandate All EIAs: Require full environmental assessments for both onshore and offshore projects.

Zoning-Based Siting: Allocate wind sites based on ecological sensitivity and avian flyways.

Adopt Tech Tools: Use radars and AI systems to monitor bird activity and shut down turbines when needed.

Include Local Input: Engage ecologists and communities in planning and clearance decisions.

Fund Long-Term Research: Support multi-year studies to assess biodiversity risks of wind energy.

Conclusion:

India’s shift to renewable energy is essential for climate goals, but it must not compromise biodiversity. Unplanned wind projects can threaten birds, especially in ecologically rich areas like the Thar Desert or coastal flyways. A sustainable approach must integrate ecological science, policy safeguards, and environmental planning to ensure that renewable energy does not come at the cost of wildlife.

Right to Repair in India

Context:

India accepted a proposal to introduce a Repairability Index for electronics. This marks a key step towards making the Right to Repair a consumer right.

However, experts warn that India’s informal repair economy—rich in tacit, generational knowledge—is being neglected in digital and AI policy frameworks.

About Right to Repair in India:

Understanding the ‘Right to Repair’:

Definition: It refers to the legal right of consumers to repair and modify their own products or access affordable third-party services.

Global Trend: EU mandates access to spare parts and manuals; U.S. states and the UN SDG 12 also push for repair-based sustainability.

Indian Framework: Department of Consumer Affairs launched a Right to Repair portal (2023), covering electronics, autos, and farm tools.

Why Repair Must Be More Than a Consumer Right?

Tacit Knowledge Economy: Informal repairers acquire skills through observation and mentorship, not certifications, making repair an intergenerational knowledge system.

E.g. Karol Bagh (Delhi), Ritchie Street (Chennai)

Sustainability through Jugaad: Repair culture reflects India’s frugality and resourcefulness by extending product life and reducing e-waste.

Unorganised, Yet Critical Workforce: Informal repairers are excluded from labour policies, despite being central to India’s circular economy.

Cultural Identity of Repair: Local repair practices carry regional innovation, intuition, and adaptive reuse — a form of indigenous technological heritage.

Loss of Repair Literacy: Shift towards disposable goods and sealed designs threatens this ecosystem and the social value of reuse.

Digital Policy Gaps:

Narrow Scope of E-Waste Rules 2022: Rules emphasize recycling but overlook repair as a first-line defence against e-waste.

PMKVY’s Mismatch: Skill India programs offer rigid modules, which don’t suit improvisational, diagnostic repair work.

NSAI & DPI Oversight: AI and DPI policy frameworks focus on structured data but neglect informal, human-led knowledge inputs.

NEP 2020 Gaps: While the NEP values experiential learning, it fails to recognize repair work as a form of skill education.

No Legal Support for Repairers: Informal workers lack formal rights, certification pathways, or recognition in the digital economy roadmap.

Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Repair Ecosystems:

AI & DPI Standards: Embed repairability norms in AI systems, hardware standards, and public procurement policies.

Expanded Right to Repair: Classify products by repairability, ensure access to parts/manuals, and promote community-led repair hubs.

Skilling Through Recognition: Create recognition and reskilling pathways for informal repairers via e-Shram and custom training modules.

Knowledge Preservation via AI: Use LLMs and decision trees to translate tacit repair insights into shareable digital formats.

Policy Convergence: Integrate MoLE, MeitY, and MoRD efforts to create a unified framework valuing repair as both labour and knowledge.

Significance for India’s Development Trajectory:

Sustainability & SDGs: Supports SDG-12 and Mission LiFE by extending product life, reducing waste, and promoting reuse.

Labour Empowerment: Recognizes the dignity of informal repairers as skilled contributors to digital and material resilience.

Digital Justice: Aligns AI growth with inclusion by acknowledging the human inputs behind machine learning and diagnostics.

Economic Inclusion: Bridges the gap between India’s digital vision and grassroots innovation, creating livelihood security.

Circular Economy Leadership: Positions India as a global example in integrating repair culture into sustainable economic models.

Conclusion:

As India advances in AI and digital public infrastructure, repair must be seen as both a right and a responsibility. Policies must integrate the silent wisdom of its repair workforce to build a just, inclusive, and sustainable tech future. As Michael Polanyi aptly said, “We know more than we can tell.” It’s time India remembers what it cannot afford to forget.

Asiatic Lion

Context:

Three Asiatic lion cubs died in Amreli district of Gujarat, with six more under veterinary observation, raising fresh alarms about rising cub mortality amid overall population growth in the Gir landscape.

About Asiatic Lion:

What It Is?

The Asiatic lion is a subspecies of lion found only in India, recognized for its restricted range and distinct physical traits compared to its African cousin.

Scientific Name: Panthera leo persica

IUCN Status

Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List

Schedule I under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

Appendix I of CITES (international trade ban)

Habitat: Primarily found in the Gir National Park and adjoining areas in Gujarat such as Amreli, Junagadh, Bhavnagar, and coastal zones; over 200 lions now live outside protected areas.

History:

Once ranging from eastern India to the Mediterranean, the species was reduced to a handful in Gir by early 1900s.

Conservation efforts have revived its numbers, but it still exists as a single wild population.

Features:

Males have a sparse mane, with ears visible, unlike African lions

A distinctive long belly fold is always present

Coat is sandy to buff-grey, sometimes silvery

Shoulder height: ~110 cm and length: up to 280 cm

Weight: Males (160–190 kg), Females (110–120 kg)

Restoring Mangroves to Secure India’s Coasts

Context:

India has launched major mangrove restoration drives across Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Mumbai to fight climate risks. These efforts enhance coastal security, biodiversity, and climate resilience amid rising ecological threats.

About Restoring Mangroves to Secure India’s Coasts:

What Are Mangroves?

Mangroves are salt-tolerant coastal forests that grow in tidal, tropical, and subtropical intertidal zones.

Distribution in India: India’s mangroves cover about 4,900 sq. km, mainly found in Sundarbans, Mahanadi, Godavari, Pichavaram, and Gulf of Kutch.

Ecological Role: They act as bio-shields during cyclones and floods, reducing wave energy and protecting inland life and property.

Climate Role: Mangroves store vast amounts of “blue carbon” in their roots and soils, helping mitigate climate change.

Key Threats to Mangroves:

Urbanisation: City expansion leads to mangrove clearance for roads, ports, and real estate, destroying natural buffers.

Pollution & Plastics: Rivers and drains dump waste into mangrove zones, reducing regeneration and harming aquatic life.

Aquaculture: Shrimp farms in coastal areas have replaced native mangrove habitats, especially in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Climate Change: Sea-level rise and erratic rainfall alter tidal patterns and increase salinity, damaging delicate mangrove systems.

Invasive Species: Invasive weeds like Prosopis juliflora outcompete native flora and degrade mangrove ecosystems.

Notable Indian Restoration Efforts

Tamil Nadu – Green Tamil Nadu Mission: Mangrove cover doubled from 4,500 to 9,000 ha (2021–24) via canal reworking and native seed planting.

MSSRF–Muthupettai Estuary: 115 ha restored with 4.3 lakh Avicennia seeds by collaborating with village committees and forest officers.

Mumbai – Thane Creek Project: ₹10.3 crore project to plant 3.75 lakh mangrove saplings and intercept 150 tonnes of plastic over 3 years.

Women Empowerment through Restoration: Local women are employed in seedling planting and upkeep, linking biodiversity with livelihoods.

Gujarat – MISHTI Scheme Leader: Over 19,000 ha of mangroves planted in 2 years, exceeding national targets under the MISHTI initiative.

Strategic Role in Coastal Security

Disaster Shield: During the 2004 tsunami and recent cyclones, mangroves absorbed wind and wave energy, reducing destruction.

Livelihood Support: Fisherfolk, crab catchers, and honey gatherers depend on mangroves for income and cultural practices.

Biodiversity Hotspots: They support species like flamingos, mudskippers, and mangrove herons by providing nesting and breeding grounds.

Carbon Sink: Mangroves trap CO₂ more efficiently than tropical forests, aiding India’s Nationally Determined Contributions.

Eco-Tourism and Coastal Identity: Restored mangroves in Gujarat and Sundarbans have become hubs for nature tourism and heritage education.

Way Forward:

Policy Integration: MISHTI should be merged with Smart Cities and  CRZ norms to protect mangroves from unregulated construction.

Community Stewardship: Involve locals in mapping, seed collection, and canal maintenance to ensure ownership and continuity.

Technological Monitoring: Use drones, satellite imagery, and AI to track mangrove health, growth, and degradation patterns in real time.

Urban Eco-Planning: Coastal cities must integrate mangrove buffers into urban flood plans, especially in cyclone-prone zones.

International Partnerships: Collaborate with other tropical nations for joint mangrove research, blue carbon trade, and coastal innovation.

Conclusion:

Mangroves are nature’s frontline defense for coastal India, blending ecology with economy. Their restoration secures biodiversity, climate resilience, and community livelihoods. India must scale scientific, community-led models to protect these green sentinels.

Ranthambore National Park

Context:

Twenty tourists were left stranded during a tiger safari in Ranthambore National Park after their canter broke down and the guide abandoned them.

About Ranthambore National Park:

Location:

Situated in Sawai Madhopur district, Rajasthan, at the junction of the Aravalli and Vindhya ranges.

Spread over 1,334 sq. km (core area ~275 sq. km).

History:

Declared Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955.

Became a Project Tiger Reserve in 1973.

Upgraded to National Park in 1980.

Surrounding forests designated as Sawai Mansingh & Kailadevi Sanctuaries.

Features:

Terrain: Dry deciduous forests, rocky outcrops, grassy meadows, interspersed with lakes.

Fort Heritage: 10th-century Ranthambore Fort (UNESCO tentative list), with temples of Ganesh, Shiva, and Jain shrines.

Water Bodies: Padam Talao (largest lake), Jogi Mahal on its edge.

Flora: Over 300 plant species, many with medicinal value.

Fauna: Known for Royal Bengal Tigers often sighted in daylight; also leopards, hyenas, jackals, nilgai, sambar, chital, langurs, sloth bears, and over 270 bird species

NTCA Limits Definition of Tiger Corridors

Context: 

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has restricted the definition of tiger corridors to only 32 “least cost pathways” (2014 report) and those in Tiger Conservation Plans, excluding newer scientific studies.

About National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

What it is

A statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

Apex authority for tiger conservation and management of tiger reserves in India.

Established in

Created in 2005 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 through its 2006 amendment.

Chaired by

Headed by the Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Vice-Chairperson: Minister of State for Environment.

Member Secretary: a senior official from MoEFCC (generally Additional DG, Wildlife).

Structure of Organisation

Chairperson – Union Environment Minister.

Members – Experts in ecology, wildlife, tribal welfare, NGOs, and MPs.

Member Secretary – senior MoEFCC officer handling administration.

Field interface – works closely with State Forest Departments, Tiger Reserves, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

Functions & Powers

Approve Tiger Conservation Plans (TCPs) prepared by states.

Lay down guidelines for tourism, coexistence, and protection of buffer areas.

Ensure ecological connectivity by notifying and managing tiger corridors.

Provide financial assistance for tiger conservation projects.

Conduct periodic appraisals of tiger status and habitat.

Use powers under Section 38(O) of Wildlife Protection Act to regulate projects in tiger reserves and corridors.

Oversee implementation of Project Tiger and maintain national tiger estimation through All-India Tiger Estimation (AITE).

Significance of the Current Issue

Conservation setback: Excluding WII studies and AITE data narrows corridor protection.

Industrial benefit: Mining and infrastructure projects may now bypass stricter scrutiny.

Legal implications: The Bombay HC case may decide whether NTCA’s volte-face aligns with statutory obligations.

Ecological risk: Limiting corridors to minimal routes threatens long-term tiger gene flow and survival.

Policy contradiction: NTCA itself admitted in 2014 that “alternative connectivities do exist and must be conserved”.

Wastewater Surveillance

Context:

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is set to expand wastewater surveillance for 10 viruses across 50 Indian cities within the next six months.

About Wastewater Surveillance

What it is

Wastewater Surveillance, also called Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE), is a method of tracking pathogens excreted by humans into sewage systems.

It provides community-level insights into disease prevalence, even before clinical symptoms appear.

Objective

To establish an early warning system for viral outbreaks.

To monitor emerging and re-emerging pathogens in a cost-effective and non-invasive way.

To help policymakers design timely interventions, vaccination drives, and containment strategies.

Viruses under Watch

Currently: COVID-19 virus, Polio virus.

Planned expansion: Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), and pathogens linked to fever, diarrhoea, acute encephalitis syndrome, and respiratory illnesses.

In total: 10 viruses will be tracked.

Coverage

Present coverage: 5 cities.

Planned expansion: 50 cities over six months.

National scaling up will strengthen India’s epidemic preparedness and pandemic prevention capacity.

Process of Wastewater Surveillance

Shedding of Pathogens – Infected individuals release virus particles through urine, stool, or while washing.

Sewage Collection – Samples are taken from sewage before treatment.

Laboratory Testing – Samples are tested for viral RNA/DNA fragments.

Data Analysis – Trends in infection spread are identified within 5–7 days.

Public Health Action – Authorities use results for outbreak warnings, vaccination, and resource allocation.

Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari

Context:

Jharkhand has proposed its first-ever tiger safari in the fringe area of Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), aimed at boosting tourism and wildlife education.

About Jharkhand Has Proposed Its First-Ever Tiger Safari:

What is a Tiger Safari?

A tiger safari is a tourism model involving naturalistic enclosures to house tigers — mainly rescued, conflict-prone, or orphaned — allowing guaranteed sightings unlike traditional wild safaris.

First proposed in NTCA Guidelines 2012, further refined in 2016 and later by Supreme Court directives in 2024.

Legal Framework Governing Safaris:

Governed by:

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

NTCA Guidelines (2012, 2016)

CZA (Central Zoo Authority) for design, welfare, and compliance

As per SC order (March 2024): Safaris must be outside core and buffer zones of tiger reserves.

Types of Tigers Safaris:

Captive Safari: Houses rescued or zoo-bred tigers in controlled naturalistic settings.

Wild Safari: Traditional open-reserve model like in Ranthambore or Jim Corbett, with no guaranteed sightings.

About Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR):

Palamu Tiger Reserve is one of the original nine Project Tiger reserves in India, and the only tiger reserve in Jharkhand, notified in 1974.

Location: Latehar district, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand.

Rivers: Drained by North Koel, Burha, and Auranga rivers (Burha is perennial).

Flora:

Predominantly Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous forests.

Dominant species: Sal (Shorea robusta).

Green India Mission

Context:

The Union Government released a revised roadmap for the Green India Mission, aiming to enhance forest restoration, combat climate change, and address land degradation and desertification challenges.

About Green India Mission:

What it is?

GIM is a key mission under NAPCC to enhance forest cover, restore degraded lands, and contribute to India’s climate goals.

Launched in: 2014

Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)

Objective:

Increase forest/tree cover by 5 mha and improve forest quality on another 5 mha.

Sequester 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030.

Restore degraded ecosystems and enhance biodiversity.

Combat land degradation and desertification.

Improve livelihoods of forest-dependent communities.

Key Features:

Ecosystem Restoration: Restores degraded forests, grasslands, wetlands, and mangroves.

Carbon Sink Creation: Aligns with India’s NDC target to create additional 2.5-3 billion tonnes CO2 sink.

Community Participation: Focuses on livelihood enhancement of forest-fringe communities.

Science-Based Planning: Uses FSI data and ecological mapping for priority restoration zones.

Multi-Sectoral Convergence: Leverages synergies with other schemes like Green Wall Project, CAMPA funds.

New Changes in GIM 2025:

Regional Focus: Special priority to Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, mangroves.

Green Wall Project: Linked with Aravalli Green Wall to control desertification/dust pollution.

Mining Rehabilitation: Focus on eco-restoration of abandoned mining areas.

Open Forests: Priority to restore open forests — estimated 1.89 billion tonnes CO2 potential.

India’s First Inter-State Cheetah Conservation Corridor

Context:

Rajasthan has agreed to join India’s first inter-state cheetah conservation corridor with Madhya Pradesh.

About India’s First Inter-State Cheetah Conservation Corridor:

What is it?

A wildlife corridor project designed to connect protected habitats in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan for the reintroduced cheetahs to roam safely and naturally across a vast ecosystem.

Geographical Coverage:

Total area: 17,000 sq. km is covered between Madhya Pradesh (10,500 sq. km) and Rajasthan (6,500 sq. km).

Key Locations Involved:

Palpur Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh: Located in Sheopur district, Kuno is the main site for India’s cheetah reintroduction project.

Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh: Situated along the Chambal River in Mandsaur district, this sanctuary is rich in hilly terrain and diverse wildlife.

It is being developed as the second habitat for cheetahs in Madhya Pradesh.

Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan: Located in Kota division, it comprises parts of Darrah, Jawahar Sagar, and Chambal sanctuaries.

The reserve has been identified as a potential cheetah habitat due to its arid grassland ecosystem.

Rajasthan districts: Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Chittorgarh.

Proposed inclusion: Forest areas of Jhansi and Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Key Features of the Corridor:

Inter-State Connectivity: First-of-its-kind wildlife linkage across two major states.

Seamless Movement: Enables cheetahs to migrate naturally between reserves.

Ecological Restoration: Aims to restore and conserve the grassland ecosystem.

Strategic Collaboration: Supported by NTCA and Wildlife Institute of India, with expected MoU between states.

Model for Asia: Recognised as a unique conservation model in Asia by experts.

Significance for India:

Revives Native Species: Strengthens India’s cheetah reintroduction mission.

Strengthens Federal Conservation: Reflects cooperative federalism in ecological governance.

Aligns with Global Goals: Supports Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets.

-----------------------------------

Natural Hydrogen

Context:

Governments and private firms across the globe are intensifying efforts to explore natural hydrogen as a low-cost, zero-emission fuel, with recent discoveries in France’s Moselle region and strong interest from India.

About Natural Hydrogen:

What is Natural Hydrogen?

Natural hydrogen is free molecular hydrogen (H₂) that occurs naturally underground due to geological processes like serpentinisation and radiolysis.

It is a clean-burning, non-polluting, and potentially renewable energy source if extracted sustainably.

Key Features of Natural Hydrogen:

Zero-Emission Fuel: Burns to produce only water vapor; no CO₂ emissions.

Low-Cost Potential: Estimated production cost $1/kg, much cheaper than green hydrogen.

Sustainable: Naturally regenerates in geological formations.

High Energy Efficiency: Hydrogen fuel cells are 3 times more efficient than gasoline.

How Does Hydrogen Occur in Nature?

Found in hard rock formations, ophiolite belts, and hydrothermal systems.

Generated by processes like:

Serpentinisation: Reaction between water and ultramafic rocks.

Radiolysis: Breakdown of water by natural radioactive decay.

Organic decomposition: Release from deep carbonaceous material.

Co-located with helium in some formations, indicating deep crustal origins.

Extraction Process of Natural Hydrogen:

Exploration: Detect hydrogen seeps using geophysical tools and geochemical sampling in favourable geological regions.

Drilling: Boreholes are drilled at identified sites (e.g., Mali, France, U.S.) to access underground hydrogen pockets.

Capture & Compression: Extracted hydrogen is filtered, purified, and compressed for safe storage and transport.

Distribution: The gas is delivered to fuel cells, refineries, or industrial users as a clean energy source.

Challenges in Natural Hydrogen Adoption:

Unmapped Reserves: Lack of extensive surveys makes global hydrogen availability uncertain.

Scattered Deposits: Economically unviable if reserves are too spread out.

Storage & Transport: Hydrogen’s low energy density requires high-pressure containment, increasing cost.

Safety Concerns: Highly flammable and odourless, making leak detection difficult.

Lack of Infrastructure: Refuelling stations, pipelines, and distribution are still underdeveloped.

Way Ahead:

National Mapping: Conduct a comprehensive geological survey of hydrogen-bearing formations, especially in India’s cratonic belts and ophiolites.

Policy Push: Develop a Natural Hydrogen Exploration Policy and include it in India’s National Hydrogen Mission.

Global Collaboration: Leverage USGS models, and collaborate on R&D with nations like France and the U.S.

Private Sector Incentives: Attract investments through PPP models, tax breaks, and startup incubation in this sector.

Infrastructure Development: Build safe storage, pipelines, and fuel cell refueling networks alongside hydrogen hubs.

Conclusion:

Natural hydrogen offers a promising, low-emission, and scalable alternative to fossil fuels. Its success depends on effective exploration, safety, and commercialization frameworks. With India’s untapped reserves, strategic focus can position it as a leader in next-generation hydrogen energy.

--------------------------------------

Operation Olivia

Context:

The Indian Coast Guard, under Operation Olivia, successfully protected a record 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha.

About Operation Olivia:

What it is: A flagship marine conservation initiative launched annually by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) from November to May to protect Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting season.

Organisation Involved: Indian Coast Guard in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards, NGOs, and local fishing communities.

Objectives:

Prevent illegal fishing during turtle breeding season.

Ensure safe nesting along Odisha’s key beaches (Gahirmatha, Rushikulya, Devi).

Promote use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) among fishing communities.

Key Features:

5,387+ surface patrol sorties and 1,768+ aerial missions since inception.

Extensive community outreach, educational awareness, and MoUs with NGOs.

Use of modern surveillance systems and inter-agency coordination for enforcement.

About Olive Ridley Turtles:

Scientific Name: Lepidochelys olivacea

IUCN Status: Vulnerable

Habitat & Distribution:

Found in warm waters of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans.

Major nesting sites in India: Odisha (Gahirmatha, Rushikulya, Devi), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Biological Features:

Smallest sea turtle species, weighing up to 45 kg, olive-coloured, heart-shaped carapace.

Arribada (mass nesting): Thousands of turtles nest simultaneously, especially from Nov–Apr.

Omnivorous diet: Feeds on crustaceans, jellyfish, algae, molluscs.

---------------------------------------

Species: Dugong

Context:

World Dugong Day was observed to raise awareness about the conservation needs of dugongs, with India reaffirming its focus on habitat protection in areas like Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar.

About Dugongs:

What it is: Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are large, herbivorous marine mammals often called “sea cows.” They are the only extant species of the Dugongidae family and closely related to manatees.

Habitat in India:

Warm shallow coastal waters

Found in: Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Gulf of Kutch, Andaman & Nicobar Islands

IUCN Status:

Global: Vulnerable

India: Regionally Endangered

Schedule I species under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (highest legal protection)

Features of Dugongs:

Physical Characteristics:

Body shape: Dugongs have a torpedo-shaped body with flipper-like forelimbs and no dorsal fin for streamlined swimming.

Size: They can grow up to 3 meters long and weigh around 300 kg.

Lifespan: Dugongs can live up to 70 years in the wild.

Biological Traits:

Diet: Dugongs are herbivores that feed mainly on seagrass, consuming 20–30 kg daily.

Teeth: Their teeth regenerate throughout life due to constant wear from abrasive seagrass.

Reproductive Traits:

Maturity: They reach reproductive maturity at around 9–10 years of age.

Birth cycle: Dugongs give birth once every 3–5 years, making reproduction slow.

Population growth: Their population increases at a maximum rate of about 5% per year.

Social Behaviour:

Grouping: Dugongs are usually solitary or seen in mother-calf pairs.

Habitat preference: Unlike manatees, dugongs live strictly in marine environments and avoid human interaction.

Ecological Importance:

Known as “gardeners of the sea” for maintaining healthy seagrass beds.

Promote biodiversity by nurturing fish nurseries.

Play a vital role in carbon sequestration and coastal ecosystem stability.

------------------------------

Context:

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has released a new decadal climate forecast, warning that global temperatures between 2025 and 2029 are expected to remain at or above record levels, significantly increasing climate-related risks and development challenges.

About WMO Global Climate Forecast 2025–2029:

Temperature Range: Annual global mean surface temperature is projected to be 1.2°C to 1.9°C above pre-industrial (1850–1900) levels.

Record-Breaking Heat:

80% chance that one year between 2025–2029 will exceed 2024, the hottest year on record.

86% chance that one year will cross the 1.5°C threshold.

Five-Year Average Warming:

70% probability that 2025–2029 average will exceed 1.5°C, up from 47% in last year’s report.

Long-Term Context: 1.5°C target in Paris Agreement refers to multi-decade averages, but short-term overshoots are now increasingly likely.

Key Issues Highlighted in the Report:

Accelerated Arctic Warming: Winter temperatures in the Arctic are expected to be 2.4°C above the 1991–2020 average, over 3.5× faster than global average.

Decline in Sea Ice: Further reductions predicted in the Barents Sea, Bering Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk, impacting biodiversity and indigenous livelihoods.

Changing Precipitation Patterns:

Wetter conditions expected in Sahel, Alaska, Northern Europe.

Drier conditions over the Amazon and parts of South Asia, intensifying drought risks.

Regional Variability: South Asia may witness continued wet years, though not uniformly across seasons.

Consequences of Predicted Warming:

Extreme Weather Intensification: Every fraction of warming drives stronger heatwaves, floods, and droughts, impacting both urban systems and agrarian economies.

Melting Ice and Rising Seas: Sustained warming leads to glacial melt, contributing to sea-level rise and coastal threats.

Ocean Heating & Acidification: Increased temperatures cause marine ecosystem degradation, endangering fisheries and food chains.

Threat to Sustainable Development: Warming undermines SDGs, especially food security, water access, and public health in vulnerable regions.

Way Ahead:

Strengthen Climate Action (NDCs): Nations must revise and scale up their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) at COP30 for alignment with Paris targets.

Accelerate Renewable Transitions: Shift to clean energy and net-zero pathways is vital to reduce GHG emissions.

Boost Adaptation Planning: Implement climate-resilient infrastructure and early warning systems in high-risk zones.

Enhance Global Climate Monitoring: Expand WMO-led efforts for decadal forecasting, regional risk assessments, and public policy guidance.

Protect Natural Carbon Sinks: Preserve forests, wetlands, and oceans which act as critical buffers against rising CO₂ levels.

Conclusion:

The WMO’s forecast reinforces the urgency of aggressive climate action. The likelihood of surpassing 1.5°C even temporarily signifies increasing systemic risks. Without immediate global commitment, climate extremes will become the new normal.

------------------------------

Golden Tiger

Context:

A rare golden tiger, also known as a golden tabby tiger, was recently sighted and photographed in Kaziranga National Park, Assam

About Golden Tiger:

What it is: Golden tiger or “golden tabby” is a rare colour variant of the Bengal tiger, not a separate subspecies.

Location: Only four are known in the wild, all found in Kaziranga National Park, Assam.

Scientific Reason:

Caused by a mutation in the wideband gene that extends reddish-yellow pigment production (pheomelanin).

Both parents must carry the mutated gene for the golden color to appear.

Color is harmless, but inbreeding may cause genetic weaknesses.

Water Bears and Axiom – 4 Mission

Context:

ISRO is set to send tardigrades (water bears) to the International Space Station as part of the Axiom-4 mission, marking India’s first human experiment in microgravity using these resilient micro-animals.

About Water Bears and Axiom – 4 Mission:

About Axiom-4 Mission:

What it is: A 14-day crewed mission to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Axiom Space program, involving research in microgravity biology, biotechnology, and sustainability.

Organizations Involved: Joint initiative by ISRO (India), NASA (USA), and ESA (Europe), with astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla representing India.

Mission Objectives:

Explore life science, space agriculture, and human physiological responses.

Assess microbial resilience, muscle regeneration, and food growth in zero gravity.

Contribute towards India’s Gaganyaan Mission and future long-duration spaceflight.

About Tardigrades (Water Bears):

What are Tardigrades?

Micro-animals also known as “water bears” or “moss piglets”.

Importance of the Experiment:

Voyager Tardigrades Experiment will study:

Revival and reproduction in microgravity.

Gene expression differences between space-exposed and Earth-bound groups.

Why it matters:

Helps uncover molecular mechanisms of resilience.

Can inform biotech innovations and astronaut protection strategies.

Supports bio-preservation techniques for long-duration missions.

High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Treaty)

Context:

Delegates have gathered in New York for the first Preparatory Commission session of the BBNJ Treaty, aiming to finalize implementation rules. India is a signatory but has yet to ratify the agreement.

About the BBNJ Treaty (High Seas Treaty):

What It Is: The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty is the third implementing agreement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

Objective:

Protect marine biodiversity in the high seas.

Ensure fair benefit-sharing from marine genetic resources.

Mandate Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for high-seas activities.

Coverage: Applies to areas beyond 200 nautical miles from national EEZs, which make up 64% of global oceans.

India’s Status: India has signed the treaty but has not yet ratified it.

Why the BBNJ Treaty Is Needed?

Marine Protection Gap: Only 1.44% of high seas are currently protected despite covering two-thirds of ocean space.

Unregulated Activities: Deep-sea mining, overfishing, and pollution operate with minimal international oversight.

Marine Genetic Resources (MGR): Rising commercial use of MGRs in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology necessitates a regulatory framework.

Equity in Ocean Use: Aims to prevent dominance by developed nations and ensure Global South access to ocean wealth.

Challenges to the BBNJ Treaty:

Low Ratification: As of April 2025, only 21 countries have ratified the treaty out of the required 60 for enforcement.

Geopolitical Tensions: Disputes in the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal delay consensus on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).

Weak Enforcement: Lack of enforcement mechanisms and opt-out options risk weakening compliance.

Overlap with Other Conventions: Potential conflict with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) over MGRs.

Financial Burden on Developing Nations: Capacity-building and tech transfer provisions lack binding support commitments.

Implementation Gaps: Treaty does not cover oil and gas exploration or pollution in EEZs, undermining ecological coherence.

Way Ahead:

Fast-Track Ratification: Urgent diplomatic push needed to achieve 60 ratifications, especially by UNOC-3 in France.

Inclusive Decision-Making: Scientific and technical bodies must have balanced regional representation and expertise.

Funding Mechanism: Ensure operationalization of the special fund with tailored contributions from developed countries.

Integrated Ocean Governance: Bridge governance between high seas and EEZs to address interconnected marine threats.

Monitoring & Transparency: Develop digital tools and global dashboards for tracking MPAs and EIA compliance.

Conclusion:

The BBNJ Treaty is a transformative tool for global ocean conservation. But without strong political will, institutional design, and equity-focused implementation, its goals will remain aspirational. The oceans, already under stress, can no longer wait for half-measures.

Bio-Input Resource Centres

Context:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare released guidelines for setting up Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) to promote natural farming under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).

About Bio-Input Resource Centres:

What is Bio-Input Resource Centres?

BRCs are cluster-level enterprises that provide farmers with locally prepared natural farming inputs like bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and organic formulations.

They also act as knowledge hubs to train and guide farmers transitioning to natural farming practices.

Established Under: Launched under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).

Objectives:

Facilitate easy availability of quality bio-inputs for farmers.

Support farmers with technical knowledge on natural farming methods.

Promote the scaling-up of natural farming practices across villages.

Features:

Financial Support: Rs. 1 lakh per centre in two tranches of Rs. 50,000 each.

Entrepreneur Eligibility: Must practice or be willing to adopt natural farming.

Customized Inputs: Inputs to be developed based on local soil, crop patterns, and farmer needs.

Training Support: Train farmers on botanical extracts, bio-input preparations, and pest management tools.

For-Profit Model: BRCs are intended to be sustainable ventures supporting local economies.

Market Facilitation: Explore convergence with FPOs, SRLMs, and agriculture marketing boards.

AIM4NatuRe initiative

Context:

FAO launched the AIM4NatuRe initiative with UK support to enhance global monitoring of ecosystem restoration under the Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework.

About AIM4NatuRe Initiative:

What is AIM4NatuRe?

Accelerating Innovative Monitoring for Nature Restoration (AIM4NatuRe) is a global initiative to improve the monitoring and reporting of ecosystem restoration efforts.

   Launched by: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

   Funding Partner: United Kingdom, contributing GBP 7 million.

Objective:

Strengthen countries’ ability to monitor and report restoration progress.

Support achievement of Target 2 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework — restoring at least 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030.

Features:

Technology Driven: Leverages cutting-edge satellite and data analysis tools.

Global Dataset Creation: Builds a harmonized global dataset on restoration.

Capacity Development: Trains countries to use data-driven restoration tracking methods.

Data Interoperability: Establishes standardized data formats for seamless integration across nations.

Inclusivity Focus: Supports Indigenous Peoples’ monitoring efforts with pilot projects in Brazil and Peru.

Expansion: Builds upon the success of FAO’s AIM4Forests programme, extending from forests to all ecosystems including wetlands, grasslands, and marine areas.

Significance:

Fosters transparency, accountability, and ownership of restoration goals.

Bridges major data and reporting gaps — addressing the needs highlighted by 80% of countries in the CBD capacity survey.

Promotes nature-based solutions to tackle climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation.

Anthurium Flowers

Context:

The first-ever export consignment of Anthurium flowers from Mizoram to Singapore was flagged off in February.

About Anthurium Flower:

Scientific Name: Anthurium (family: Araceae).

Grown In:

Native region: Americas, from northern Mexico to northern Argentina and parts of the Caribbean.

In India: Widely cultivated in Mizoram and other North Eastern states.

Features of the Plant:

Herbaceous plants that can grow as epiphytes or terrestrially.

Inflorescence consists of a spadix and colorful spathe (red, pink, orange, and other colors).

Produces juicy berries containing seeds.

Toxic in nature due to calcium oxalate crystals; sap can irritate skin and eyes.

Kasampatty Sacred Grove

Context:

Kasampatty Sacred Grove in Dindigul district has been officially notified as Tamil Nadu’s second Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

About Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS):

Definition:

Biodiversity Heritage Sites are ecologically fragile areas possessing rich biodiversity, endemism, and cultural importance, often conserved by local communities.

Declared Under: Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Zambia

Context:

The Government of India has secured a 9,000 sq. km block in Zambia for copper and cobalt exploration, marking a strategic move in securing critical minerals.

The project will be led by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), supporting India’s clean energy and EV battery industries.

About Zambia:

Location: Landlocked country in Southern Africa.

White Hydrogen

Context:

France has discovered the world’s largest white hydrogen deposit in the Moselle region,

About White Hydrogen:

What it is:

White hydrogen is naturally occurring pure hydrogen found underground, formed due to geological reactions. It emerges when minerals react with water deep beneath the Earth’s crust.

Key Features:

Zero-emission: It occurs naturally without requiring industrial production, avoiding CO₂ emissions.

Low cost: White hydrogen production costs around $1 per kilogram, making it highly affordable.

Renewable source: White hydrogen constantly regenerates within the Earth, unlike exhaustible fossil fuels.

Combustion output: When used as fuel, white hydrogen produces only water vapor after combustion.

Significance:

Clean energy alternative: Can reduce reliance on fossil fuels for heavy industries like aviation, shipping, and steel.

Energy security: Potential game-changer for energy independence in hydrogen-importing countries.

Cost-effectiveness: Could significantly lower global hydrogen prices compared to synthetic alternatives.

Sustainability: Supports climate action with its low carbon footprint and renewable nature.

Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Context:

Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) in Odisha faces human-wildlife conflict as 674 families have been relocated from forest areas under the tiger conservation initiative.

Despite resettlement efforts, STR remains one of the four notified tiger reserves in India without a single tiger.

About Satkosia Tiger Reserve:

Location: Spans Angul, Cuttack, Boudh, and Nayagarh districts in Odisha.

Established: 2007, by merging Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary (1976) and Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary (1981).

Total Area: 1,136.70 sq. km.

Geographical Significance: A transitional zone between Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau, promoting rich biodiversity.

Fauna: Previously home to 12 tigers (2007), but the 2022 census found none; shelters elephants, leopards,

-------------------------

Madhav National Park

Context:

The Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh has been declared India’s 58th Tiger Reserve and the 9th in the state.

About Madhav National Park:

Location: Shivpuri district, Chambal region, Madhya Pradesh.

Established: 1958.

Area Covered: 354 sq km.

Flora and Fauna: Dry deciduous forest with teak, sal, and dhok trees; home to tigers, leopards, wolves, chinkara, nilgai, and crocodiles.

Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary

Context:

Researchers from University of Kerala have discovered two new species of jumping spiders from Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, marking the first record of the Epidelaxia genus in India.

The species, Epidelaxia falciformis sp. nov. and Epidelaxia palustris sp. nov., extend the known range of the genus beyond Sri Lanka, enhancing the biodiversity records of the Western Ghats.

About Newly Identified Jumping Spider Species:

What are they?

These belong to the Epidelaxia genus, a group of jumping spiders previously believed to be endemic to Sri Lanka.

Discovered in Kulathupuzha, Kollam.

Names & Classification:

Epidelaxia falciformis sp. nov.

Epidelaxia palustris sp. nov.

Unique Features:

falciformis: Males have brown carapace with a yellow stripe, and females exhibit a yellow triangular-shaped marking on the prosoma.

palustris: Males have pale brown bands on the sides, and females have white orbital setae (hairs) around their eyes.

Adaptation: Highly specialized for survival in dense foliage of Western Ghats.

About Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary:

Location:

Located in Kollam district, Kerala, under Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve.

Technologies to Resolve Stubble Burning

Context:

Stubble burning, especially in northern India, contributes significantly to air pollution and haze during October and November. Despite government measures, the practice persists due to economic and operational challenges faced by farmers.

Stubble Burning

 Stubble burning is the deliberate setting of fire to crop residue after the harvest, predominantly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

 Farmers burn paddy straw as a quick and economical way to prepare fields for the next crop cycle, especially for wheat sowing.

Reasons for Stubble Burning:

 Short Crop Cycles: Limited time between paddy harvest and wheat sowing.

 Economic Constraints: High cost of alternative residue management techniques.

 Lack of Awareness: Farmers lack knowledge about sustainable practices.

 Inadequate Mechanization: Limited availability of crop residue management machinery.

 Policy Implementation Gaps: Ineffective enforcement of regulations and insufficient incentives.

Consequences of Stubble Burning:

 Air Pollution: Emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), CO2, CO, and other pollutants.

 Health Hazards: Increased respiratory diseases and reduced visibility.

 Soil Degradation: Loss of essential nutrients and organic matter.

 Climate Impact: Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

 Economic Costs: Burden on public health systems and loss of soil fertility.

Technologies to Resolve Stubble Burning:

Large-Scale Technologies:

 Direct Combustion: Burns rice straw in controlled environments to generate heat for cooking and industrial purposes.

 Pyrolysis and Gasification: Converts rice straw into syngas or bio-oil with high heating value through controlled heating.

 Biochar Production: Produces biochar as a soil conditioner to enhance fertility and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

 Power Generation: Uses biomass-based power plants to convert rice straw into electricity, supporting rural energy needs.

 Pellet Production: Compresses rice straw into compact, energy-dense pellets suitable for fuel and easy transportation.

 Biofuels: Processes rice straw into bioethanol, biogas, and other renewable fuels, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

 Paper Production: Utilizes rice straw’s high cellulose content as a sustainable raw material for pulp and paper production.

Small-Scale Technologies:

 Composting: Converts rice straw into nutrient-rich organic compost for agricultural use.

 Mushroom Cultivation: Uses rice straw as a substrate for cultivating edible mushrooms, offering a cost-effective farming option.

 Silica Extraction: Extracts silica particles from rice straw for use in industrial applications like construction and electronics.

 Fodder for Ruminants: Enhances the digestibility of rice straw for use as animal feed through physical or chemical treatments.

 As an Adsorbent: Applies rice straw to remove heavy metals and toxins from contaminated water, improving water quality.

 Soil Incorporation: Incorporates rice straw into the soil to improve fertility, moisture retention, and aeration.

Conclusion:

Stubble burning remains a significant environmental challenge in India. Sustainable technologies and alternative uses for crop residue, coupled with robust policies and farmer awareness, can mitigate its adverse effects. A multi-stakeholder approach involving farmers, industries, and governments is essential for long-term solutions.

------------------------

Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), 2025

Context:

The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2025 evaluates the climate protection performance of 63 countries and the EU, collectively responsible for over 90% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

About Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), 2025:

 Origin: First published in 2005.

 Published by: Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute, and Climate Action Network.

 Aim: To monitor and compare climate mitigation efforts and enhance transparency in climate policies globally.

Indicators Used:

1.   GHG Emissions

2.   Renewable Energy

3.   Energy Use

4.   Climate Policy

Top Ranking Countries:

o No country received an overall very high rating.

o Denmark holds its 4th-place ranking in this year’s CCPI and is again the highest-ranked of all countries surveyed. (No nation made it top 3)

India’s Performance in CCPI 2025:

 Overall Rank: 10th, among the highest performers.

 Overall, only 22 of the 64 surveyed CCPI countries (including the EU) are on track, while 42 are lagging. India and the United Kingdom are two that are on track.

 Category Ratings:

• GHG Emissions: High
• Energy Use: High
• Climate Policy: Medium
• Renewable Energy: Low

Strengths:

Rapid renewable energy expansion, particularly in large-scale solar power projects.

Introduction of energy efficiency standards and electric vehicle deployment.

Low per capita emissions and energy use despite being the most populous country.

Challenges:

Heavy reliance on coal with slow phase-out progress.

Limited inclusion of sectors like transport, housing, and water in climate targets.

-----------------------------------

COP 29 – 2024

Context:

The 29th UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) concluded in Baku, Azerbaijan, focusing on scaling up climate finance, adaptation, and global cooperation to combat climate change.

Outcomes of COP29:

Climate Finance:

 New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG):

 Triple climate finance for developing countries to USD 300 billion annually by 2035.

 Scale finance from public and private sources to USD 1.3 trillion annually by 2035.

Carbon Markets (Article 6 of the Paris Agreement):

 Finalized frameworks for country-to-country trading of carbon credits (Article 6.2).

 Operationalized the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (Article 6.4), ensuring environmental and human rights safeguards.

 Supported capacity-building for least developed countries to participate in carbon markets.

Transparency:

 13 countries submitted their Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) under the Enhanced Transparency Framework.

 UNFCCC organized #Together4Transparency, promoting transparent climate action with 42 events.

Adaptation:

 Baku Adaptation Roadmap launched to expedite National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).

 Established a support program for NAP implementation in least developed countries (LDCs).

 High-level dialogues emphasized financing and technical support for adaptation.

Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities:

 Adopted the Baku Workplan and renewed the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP) Facilitative Working Group.

Gender and Climate Change:

 Extended the Lima Work Programme on Gender and Climate Change for another 10 years.

 Mandated a new Gender Action Plan to be developed by COP30.

Civil Society and Inclusivity:

 Over 55,000 attendees, including civil society, Indigenous Peoples, youth, and businesses.

 Strengthened Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) for integrating public engagement into national climate policies.

Global Climate Action:

 Showcased real-world solutions under the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action.

 Launched the 2024 Yearbook of Global Climate Action, emphasizing non-Party stakeholder contributions.

 Forests and REDD+:

 UK pledged £3 million to enhance REDD+ transparency and implementation for halting deforestation by 2030.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):

 Stronger climate plans (NDC 3.0) due in 2025, covering all greenhouse gases and sectors.

 UK and Brazil committed to ramping up climate action in their updated NDCs.

India’s Initiatives at COP29:

 Resilient Infrastructure: Highlighted CDRI and IRIS initiatives for disaster-resilient infrastructure and SIDS adaptation.

 Industrial Decarbonization: Co-hosted LeadIT Member Meet with Sweden; promoted hydrogen-based solutions and CO2 capture.

 SIDS Adaptation Finance: Advocated finance unlocking and disaster-resilient support for SIDS.

 Solar Energy Leadership: Promoted solar adoption with ISA, targeting a 20-fold increase by 2050.

 Gender-Inclusive Action: Showcased women-led clean energy solutions and gender-inclusive climate policies.

 LeadIT Summit: Reaffirmed commitment to heavy industry decarbonization under the Paris Agreement.

Limitations of COP29:

 Inadequate Finance: Funding commitments termed “too little, too distant”, failing to meet immediate needs.

 Private Sector Dependency: Heavy reliance on non-guaranteed private contributions.

 Unmet Emission Goals: Insufficient pledges to meet the 1.5°C target, with global emissions rising in 2023.

 Geopolitical Conflicts: Disputes over CBAM and unfair procedural practices highlighted mistrust.

Way Ahead:

 Strengthen Finance: Ensure binding, timely, and grant-based funding mechanisms.

 Boost Cooperation: Improve negotiation fairness and address trade disputes in separate forums.

 Accelerate NDCs: Expand Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to include all sectors.

 Focus on Adaptation: Increase support for LDCs and SIDS with dedicated resources.

 Science-Driven Action: Align decisions with scientific assessments and expand renewable energy.

Conclusion:

COP29 achieved critical milestones in scaling up climate finance, operationalizing carbon markets, and advancing adaptation and transparency. While significant progress was made, challenges remain, necessitating stronger global efforts at COP30 and beyond.

Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024

Context:

The Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024, published by UNEP’s Global Peatlands Initiative, provides actionable insights for their conservation and sustainable management, placing them at the heart of global environmental discussions.

About The Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas, 2024:

 Published by: UNEP under the Global Peatlands Initiative.

Aim:

o Provide data and insights into the global state of peatlands.

o Highlight threats and opportunities for conservation and sustainable management.

o Bridge the gap between science and policy for informed decision-making.

Key Insights:

o Updated hotspot maps intersecting data on biodiversity, climate change, and land use.

o Identifies 488 million hectares of peatlands globally, with 12% highly degraded.

o Peatlands emit 1,941 Mt CO₂e per year due to human activity.

About Peatland:

What is Peatland?

 Peatlands are unique wetland ecosystems characterized by waterlogged conditions that slow the decomposition of plant material, leading to the formation of peat soils.

 These ecosystems consist of both the organic-rich soil (peat) and the wetland vegetation thriving on the surface.

Distribution of Peatlands:

• Found in nearly all countries, peatlands cover at least 3% of the Earth’s land surface.
• The Congo Basin hosts the largest known tropical peatland, discovered in 2017.
• Significance of Peatlands:
• Carbon Storage: Peatlands store more carbon than all the world’s forests combined, acting as a natural buffer against climate change.
• Climate Regulation: They provide a cooling effect by sequestering atmospheric carbon.
• Water Management: Regulate and purify water supplies, supporting human consumption and ecosystems.
• Biodiversity: Provide habitats for rare and endangered species of flora and fauna.
• Cultural Importance: Preserve archaeological and cultural heritage due to their waterlogged conditions.
• Livelihoods: Support local communities through ecosystem services and resources.

------------------------

Menace of Microplastic

Context:

As the world moves toward the finalization of the Global Plastics Treaty, reducing microplastic pollution has become an urgent priority, demanding a multi-pronged approach involving regulations, innovative technologies, and global cooperation.

What are Microplastics and Their Classifications

 Definition: Plastics less than 5 mm in diameter, formed through fragmentation or intentionally manufactured for specific uses.

Classifications:

1.   Primary Microplastics: Manufactured for commercial use, such as microbeads in cosmetics, plastic pellets, and synthetic fibers.

2.   Secondary Microplastics: Formed from the breakdown of larger plastics, such as water bottles, due to solar radiation, ocean waves, and mechanical forces.

Applications of Microplastics

1.   Medical and Pharmaceutical: Used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to absorb and release chemicals effectively.

2.   Industrial: Utilized in air-blasting technology and in producing synthetic textiles.

3.   Personal Care Products: Found in exfoliating agents like facial scrubs, toothpaste, and other cosmetics.

Impacts of Microplastics:

On the Environment:

 Soil Degradation: Reduces soil quality, alters chemical properties, and disrupts water retention and nutrient cycles.

 Aquatic Pollution: Bioaccumulates in marine organisms and contributes to toxic chemical leaching into water bodies.

On Animals:

 Trophic Transfer: Microplastics consumed by smaller organisms are passed through the food chain, affecting higher predators.

 Reproductive and Growth Impacts: Causes stunted growth, reduced fertility, and cell damage in aquatic and terrestrial species.

On Humans:

 Health Risks: Linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and disruptions in metabolism and reproduction.

 Organ Accumulation: Detected in the brain, lungs, placenta, and even heart tissues, increasing risks of stroke, heart attacks, and immune disorders.

Measures Taken:

Global Level:

o UNEA Resolution: Mandated the creation of the Global Plastics Treaty to combat plastic pollution, including microplastics.

o New Zealand Microbead Ban (2017): Banned sale and manufacture of products containing microbeads.

India Level:

o Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, 2018, 2024): Provides frameworks to manage and reduce plastic waste.

o Ban on Single-Use Plastics: Nationwide ban on items like plastic straws and cutlery to reduce plastic pollution.

o India Plastics Pact: Encourages industries to minimize plastic use and enhance recycling practices.

Measures to Mitigate Microplastics:

 Innovative Technologies: Develop advanced filtration systems like electrocoagulation for wastewater treatment to remove microplastics.

 Regulating Production: Ban microbeads and control the use of secondary plastic sources in consumer products.

 Recycling and Waste Management: Promote efficient recycling systems and reduce overall plastic production.

 Awareness Campaigns: Educate industries and consumers about the impact of microplastics and encourage sustainable alternatives.

 Standardized Monitoring: Implement global protocols for detecting and assessing microplastic concentrations in the environment.

 Best Practice: The EU’s REACH Regulation (2023) bans intentionally added microplastics in products like detergents, cosmetics, and fertilizers, aiming to reduce their environmental and health impacts.

Conclusion

Microplastics represent a global challenge with significant risks to ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. While efforts like the Global Plastics Treaty and national policies are steps in the right direction, a collective approach involving innovation, regulation, and public awareness is crucial to mitigate this threat and protect our environment.

Kaziranga National Park

Context:

Kaziranga National Park in Assam, renowned for its one-horned rhinoceros, has now earned recognition as the second-largest butterfly diversity hub in India, after Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh.

Butterflies in Kaziranga:

Species diversity: Kaziranga is home to 446 butterfly species, making it the second-most diverse butterfly hub in India.

Newly recorded species: 18 new species, including Burmese Threering, Glassy Cerulean, and Peacock Oakblue, have been documented.

Butterfly conservation: The first-ever Butterfly Conservation Meet-2024 highlighted the importance of butterfly conservation and raised awareness of Kaziranga’s butterfly diversity.

About Kaziranga National Park:

Location:

Situated in Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam.

UNESCO World Heritage Site:

Declared a national park in 1974 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, housing two-thirds of the world’s one-horned rhinoceros’ population.

Biodiversity:

Hosts a variety of fauna, including royal Bengal tigers, leopards, capped langurs, and migratory birds.

Known for its tall elephant grass, water lilies, and wet alluvial grasslands.

Flora and Fauna:

Famous for elephant grasses, rattan cane, and aquatic plants like water hyacinths.

Important species include Bengal florican and western hoolock gibbon, India’s only ape species.

Ecological importance:

Largest undisturbed area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplains, offering critical habitats for diverse wildlife.

Kala-azar

Context:

India is on the brink of eliminating Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) as a public health problem, having maintained fewer than one case per 10,000 people for two consecutive years, a requirement for World Health Organization (WHO) certification.

Current status in India:

Cases and deaths: India registered 595 cases and four deaths in 2023. In 2024, the number of cases decreased to 339, with one recorded death so far.

Eligibility for WHO certification: India could soon become eligible for the elimination certificate if the trend of keeping cases below one per 10,000 people continues for another year.

Vulnerable regions: Bihar accounts for over 70% of the total cases, along with Jharkhand, West Bengal, and parts of Uttar Pradesh.

About Kala-azar:

Origin: Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.

Transmission: The disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected female sandfly (Phlebotomus argentipes in India).

Vector: The sandfly, breeding in humid conditions and poor sanitation, plays a major role in the spread of the disease.

Symptoms: It is characterized by fever, significant weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and severe anemia. If left untreated, Kala-azar has a fatality rate of over 95%.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms and parasitological or serological tests, such as the rK39 diagnostic kit.

Treatment: Various anti-parasitic treatments are available, such as amphotericin B, miltefosine, and sodium stibogluconate.

Periyar Tiger Reserve

The residents of Pampa Valley and Angel Valley in Kerala’s Erumely panchayat are facing challenges due to their proximity to the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) and recent buffer zone demarcations.

Places in News:

Pampa Valley & Angel Valley:

Situated near the Periyar Tiger Reserve; residents face wildlife threats and legal issues over buffer zone designation.

Known for its historical ties to the “Grow More Food” campaign of 1947-48, which supported post-war veterans.

Mookenpetty Causeway: A bridge over the Azhutha River serving as a boundary between populated agricultural areas and PTR wilderness, marking a symbolic divide between local communities and protected forest areas.

About Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR):

Location: Situated in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala.

Formation: Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 and later declared a Tiger Reserve in 1978. Named after the Periyar River, which originates within the reserve.

Drainage: Major rivers flowing through the reserve are the Periyar and Mullayar.

Unique species: Hosts medicinal plants like Syzygium periyarensis, Habenaria periyarensis (an orchid), and Mucuna pruriense thekkadiensis.

Indigenous communities: Home to six tribal communities including the Mannans, Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis, and Ulladans, who live within the reserve.

COP-29 summit

Context:

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) faces a severe budget shortfall, impacting its ability to conduct essential climate negotiations and support the 2024-25 climate agenda, including the COP-29 summit.

Payment System in UNFCCC:

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) operates on a two-tier funding system:

Core budget: Mandatory contributions from member countries, calculated based on economic size and capacity.

Supplementary fund: Voluntary donations to cover additional needs, including event-specific activities like COP events, and targeted programs such as funding for diplomats from lower-income countries.

Member countries can specify how supplementary funds should be allocated, though these preferences are generally non-binding.

Current issues:

Delays and shortfalls: Major contributors like the U.S. and China have delayed payments, leading to a €57 million shortfall in 2024, affecting UNFCCC’s ability to run operations.

Operational disruptions: Financial strain has forced UNFCCC to reduce activities, such as cutting regional events and limiting travel funding for poorer nations.

Increasing reliance on voluntary contributions: With budget needs rising, the reliance on voluntary donations grows, introducing unpredictability in funds availability.

Inefficiency and limited transparency: Constraints and delays in supplementary funds impact project planning and create inefficiencies.

Impact of budget shortfall on UNFCCC:

Reduced global climate action: Funding shortages limit UNFCCC’s ability to organize effective climate negotiations, slowing global progress on emission reduction and adaptation efforts.

Limited developing nations’ representation: Lack of subsidies restricts poorer nations’ participation, reducing their voice in critical climate decisions at COP summits and related forums.

Operational cuts: Key climate events like regional summits are canceled, impeding momentum for regional climate commitments and investment mobilization.

Staffing challenges: Budget gaps result in short-term contracts for UNFCCC staff, impacting stability and operational efficiency in climate action tasks.

Uncertain climate investments: Funding delays from major contributors discourage potential investors, complicating global climate finance flows needed for substantial climate action.

Way ahead:

Timely obligatory contributions: Strengthen compliance to ensure core budget payments are completed promptly to avoid operational disruptions.

Flexible supplementary fund management: Streamline voluntary fund processes, enabling smoother allocation and reducing dependence on earmarked spending requests.

Increase core budget contributions: Seek higher obligatory funding levels, adjusted for increasing climate action needs, to reduce over-reliance on voluntary funds.

Budget transparency and efficiency: Implement UN audit recommendations to ensure resource optimization, cost-effective project execution, and improve fund allocation accountability.

Conclusion:

Ensuring reliable funding for UNFCCC is essential for unified climate action and accountability; as climate envoy Jennifer Morgan noted, a functioning secretariat is crucial for impactful negotiations.

Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

Context:

Four elephants were found dead, with five others in poor health, at Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh.

About Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:

Location: Situated between the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges in Umaria district, Madhya Pradesh.

Status: Designated a national park in 1968, it gained Tiger Reserve status in 1993.

Topography: Known for valleys, hills, and plains with the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, associated with Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana, prominently located.

Vegetation: Features tropical moist deciduous forests, including sal, mixed forests, and grasslands, with bamboo on the lower slopes.

Flora: Includes notable species like Saj (Terminalia tomentosa), Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), and Amla (Emblica officinalis).

Fauna: Hosts the Royal Bengal Tiger noted for the highest density of tiger population in India and globally.

Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary

In News

The Madhya Pradesh government has completed preparations for its ambitious cheetah reintroduction project at Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, which is slated to be the second home for cheetahs in India after Kuno National Park

About Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary

Gandhisagar sanctuary is located on western border of Malwa plateaus along the banks of the mighty Chambal river.

Total area of Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary is 368.62 sq. km

It spreads into two districts Mandsaur and Neemuch

Its Northern boundary is the Interstate boundary of M.P. and Rajasthan.

It is known for some rare wildlife species like Wild Dogs (Dholes), Chinkara, Leopard, Otter, Mugger crocodile.

Premature Deaths Related to PM2.5 Exposure

Context

A new study (published in Journal Environment International) has found that the fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) led to 135 million premature deaths worldwide between 1980 and 2020.

Particulate Matters

It is a term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air that come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals.

Some particles, known as primary particles, are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires.

Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere of chemicals such as sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles.

Size of Particulate Matters

Particles that are 10 micrometres in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs.

The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.

PM10: inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometres and smaller.

PM2.5: fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometres and smaller.

PM2.5 and Health Impacts

When inhaled, Particulate Matter can cause a wide range of respiratory disorders. Continuous exposure to these can cause asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and any type of bronchitis.

Particulate matter can penetrate deep inside the lungs and damage it.

Any bacteria or virus can now attack the lungs and this could even lead to serious life-threatening infections.

Particulate Matter can also cause chest tightening, watery eyes, sneezing, and running nose.

Breakdown of Premature Deaths

From 1980 to 2020, a third of premature deaths were associated with stroke (33.3%), another third with ischemic heart disease (32.7%) and the remaining deaths were due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections and lung cancer.

Geographical Disparity in Air Pollution-Related Deaths

Asia is the most affected region, withan estimated 98.1 million premature deaths attributed to PM2.5 pollution between 1980 and 2020.

China and India led with 49 million and 26.1 million deaths, respectively.

Other South Asian nations like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Japan also suffered significant losses due to PM2.5 exposure.

Indian Scenario

India, with 18% of the world’s population, has a disproportionately high 26% of the global premature deaths and disease burden due to air pollution.

More than 23 lakh people died prematurely due to pollution in India in 2019.

Of them, 73% of deaths occurred due to air pollution, the largest number of such deaths globally.

In Delhi, the national capital, the number of deaths attributable to PM2.5 was 106 out of 1,00,000 people in 2019, above the global median 58 per 1,00,000 people.

Role of Climate Variability Phenomena

The research highlighted the role of climate variability phenomena like El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole and North Atlantic Oscillation in exacerbating PM2.5 pollution levels, and collectively caused approximately 7,000 additional premature deaths annually.

The Indian Ocean Dipole had the largest impact on the number of deaths, followed by the North Atlantic Oscillation and then El Nino.

Effects of Climate Change on Human Health

Changes in climate patterns can make air pollution worse.

The effects of climate change and the environment on human health are not lesser than those of genomics and lifestyle patterns and they have been increasing over the past decades.

Related Efforts By India

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Launched in 2019 with targets to achieve 20% to 30% reduction in concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 by the year 2024, keeping 2017 as the base year for comparison of concentration.

Decarbonisation Efforts: A report suggests that decarbonising faster can save India 200,000 deaths from particulate matters.

The report analysed health impacts stemming from exposure to particulate matter under various policy pathways to meet Paris Agreement 2015 targets.

Green Infrastructure: Cities are reimagining cityscapes with verdant green corridors and tree-lined boulevards, weaving greenery seamlessly into the urban fabric.

Planting certain species can create a natural air-purifying barrier, absorbing harmful substances such as hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds.

Vehicle Scrappage Policy: It aims to replace old vehicles with modern and new vehicles on Indian roads, and is expected to reduce pollution, create job opportunities and boost demand for new vehicles.

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme: It aims to reduce pollution caused by diesel and petrol-operated vehicles and to promote electric and hybrid vehicles in India.

The FAME phase II scheme has been extended for two years to drive greater adoption of the scheme.

Lack of Geo-conservation India

Context

Despite international progress in the field of geo-conservation India has not formulated any mechanism for geo-conservation.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has notified 34 geological monuments, it lacks the regulatory powers to implement the preservation measures.

What is Geo-conservation?

Geo-conservation refers to the efforts and practices aimed at preserving and protecting geological features, processes, and sites of scientific, cultural, educational, or aesthetic value.

It involves the conservation and management of geological diversity, similar to how biodiversity conservation aims to protect different species and ecosystems.

Need for Geo-conservation in India?

Rich Geological Diversity: India is geologically diverse, with a wide range of geological formations, landscapes, and mineral resources.

Protecting these resources ensures the preservation of unique geological features that contribute to scientific research, education, and understanding of Earth’s history.

Cultural and Historical Significance: Many geological sites in India hold cultural and historical significance.

For example, the fossil beds in the Siwalik Hills have provided important insights into India’s prehistoric past. Protecting such sites helps preserve cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge related to geology.

Natural Hazards Management: Understanding geological processes and landscapes is crucial for managing natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods.

Tourism and Recreation: India’s geological diversity attracts tourists interested in exploring unique landscapes, rock formations, caves, and mineralogical sites.

Environmental Sustainability: Many geological resources, such as groundwater and minerals, are essential for sustainable development.

Geo-conservation promotes responsible management of these resources to ensure their availability for future generations.

Geo-heritage Sites

Geo-heritage sites are educational spaces where people acquire much needed geological literacy.

The importance of the shared geological heritage of our planet was first recognised in 1991 at a UNESCO-sponsored event, ‘First International Symposium on the Conservation of our Geological Heritage’.

Geo-heritage sites in many countries such as Canada, China, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom have been developed as national parks.

Today, there are 169 Global Geoparks across 44 countries. Thailand and Vietnam have also implemented laws to conserve their geological and natural heritage.

Though a signatory, India has no such legislation or policy for geo-heritage conservation.

Attempts by Government to Conserve Geo-heritage sites

In 2009, there was a attempt to constitute a National Commission for Heritage Sites through a Bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha.

Though it was eventually referred to the Standing Committee, the government backtracked on it for some unstated reasons and the Bill was withdrawn.

The Bill was meant to constitute a national commission to implement the stipulations of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention 1972 and to create a national roster of heritage sites.

More recently, in 2022, the Ministry of Mines has prepared a draft Bill for preservation and maintenance, but no further progress on this has been heard.

Way Ahead

India needs the following at the earliest:

create an inventory of all prospective geo-sites in the country (in addition to the 34 sites identified by the GSI);

frame geo-conservation legislation for the country along the lines of the Biological Diversity Act 2002;

and, have a ‘National Geo-Conservation Authority’ along the lines of the National Biodiversity Authority, with independent observers, ensuring that the establishment will not encroach on the autonomy of researchers.

By conserving geological sites and resources, India can better manage its natural environment and contribute to global efforts towards environmental sustainability.

Wild Boars

In News

Kerala faces a growing wild boar menace, with the animals destroying crops, attacking farmers, and causing road accidents.

Problem caused by Wild Boars

This poses a significant threat to the state’s food security and agricultural sector.

The man-animal conflict has claimed 990 lives and injured 7,500 people since 2016. The state government provides financial assistance.

About Wild Boars

Scientific Name : S. scrofa

It has by far the largest range of all pigs.

It  is sometimes called the European wild boar.

The animals are swift, nocturnal, and omnivorous and are good swimmers.

They possess sharp tusks, and, although they are normally unaggressive, they can be dangerous.

Habitat and Distribution : It occupies a wide variety of temperate and tropical habitats, from semi-desert to tropical rainforests, temperate woodlands, grasslands and reed jungles; often venturing onto agricultural land to forage. It is found in a variety of habitats.

It is the largest of the wild pigs and is native to forests ranging from western and northern Europe and North Africa to India, the Andaman Islands, and China.

IUCN Status: Least Concern.

Way Ahead

Exploring additional measures like building moats, erecting power fences, and ensuring fodder and water availability deep inside forests to prevent wildlife from venturing near human habitats. Kerala has also declared human-wildlife conflict a state-specific disaster.

 ‘Air of the Anthropocene’ Initiative

Context

Recently, researchers and artists joined forces for a so-called ‘painting with light’ international project to make invisible air pollution in India visible, demonstrating the health risks posed to the population.

About the ‘Air of the Anthropocene’ Initiative

Created by artist Robin Price and an environmental scientist at the University of Birmingham to document air pollution levels around the world through photography.

It employs a unique method known as ‘light painting’ to make the invisible visible.

By using digital light painting techniques and low-cost air pollution sensors, researchers and artists have collaborated to produce photographic evidence of pollution levels.

It has been successful in capturing pollution levels in cities across three countries – India, Ethiopia, and the UK.

Particulate matter (PM), including PM10 and PM2.5, is a key focus of the project, with PM concentrations measured in real-time using sensors and visualized through a moving LED array.

New Ramsar Sites: Nagi and Nakti Wetlands

Context

Recently, the Nagi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries in the Jamui districtof Bihar, have been recognised as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

About the Nagi and Nakti Wetlands

These man-made wetlands are located in the Jamui district of Bihar, nestled in the Jhajha forest range.

These are designated as bird sanctuaries in 1984 for their importance as wintering habitats for several migratory species.

Over 20,000 birds congregate here during the winter months, including one of the largest congregations of red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) on the Indo-Gangetic plain.

The Nagi Bird Sanctuary hosts one of the largest congregations of bar-headed geese (Anser Indicus) on the Indo-Gangetic plain.

The wetlands and their fringes provide habitat for over 75 bird species, 33 fish, and 12 aquatic plants, and support globally threatened species, including the endangered Indian elephant (Elephas Maximus Indicus) and a vulnerable native catfish (Wallago Attu).

Global Soil Partnership (GSP)

Context

The Global Soil Partnership (GSP), urged for immediate action to enhance soil health, in its 12th Plenary Assembly Hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

About

The Global Soil Partnership (GSP) was established in 2012 to promote sustainable soil management.

It brings together international, regional and national organizations that are working in the area of soil protection and sustainable management.

GSP aims to implement the provisions of the 1982 World Soil Charter, and maintain the health of at least 50 percent of the world’s soils by 2030.

The achievements of the partnership, include:

The establishment of an Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils and related international networks for different soil matters; 

The proposal for and annual celebration of  UN World Soil Day (5 December) and the International Year of Soils 2015;

Production of the Status of the World’s Soil Resources 2015 report.

State of India’s Environment

Context

Recently, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) released the State of India’s Environment In Figures for 2024.

About the India’s Climate Trends in 2023 and 2024

Second-Hottest Year: India experienced its second-hottest year on record in 2023.

Record-Breaking Temperatures: At least 102 weather stations across the country shattered their monthly highest 24-hour maximum temperature in 122 years.

Ten of these stations were in million-plus cities.

Twenty-seven of the weather stations with record-breaking temperatures were in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

The country recorded its hottest minimum temperature in 122 years during 2023.

Minimum Temperatures: Except for October, minimum temperatures remained above normal in the other five months.

Anomalies increased from 0.57°C in July to 1.71°C in December.

December saw the highest minimum temperature anomaly in 122 years (1.71°C above normal).

Consistent Warmth: The average minimum temperature in the southern peninsular region remained above normal during all four months.

The region consistently experienced its second-highest minimum temperature in 122 years.

New Normal for Minimum Temperatures: The trend suggests a new normal for minimum temperatures, indicating warmer nights.

The rising maximum temperature and record-breaking temperatures reported from Delhi and other states are concerning.

The ongoing trend for minimum temperatures highlights the shift toward warmer nights.

Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023

Context

The 2023 amendments to India’s Biological Diversity Act of 2002 has caused a debate concerning biodiversity protection and India’s responsibilities as a signatory to the Kunming-Montreal framework.

Background

In 2022, at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference, countries all over the world adopted the Kunming-Montreal framework to enhance biodiversity protection and conservation.

The countries adopted calls to protect 30 percent of all ecosystems by 2030, to protect biodiversity and genetic diversity and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits of traditional knowledge with the local and indigenous communities that steward this knowledge.

Amendments under scrutiny

Under the original 2002 Act, approvals from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) were required before applying for intellectual property rights (IPR) related to biological resources.

The 2023 amendments have eased this requirement, no longer mandating approval from the National Biodiversity Authority for IPR, but only requiring them to be registered with the authority before granting approvals – raising concerns about possible resource overexploitation.

The exemption of codified traditional knowledge from the benefit-sharing mechanism and stringent regulatory oversight has also raised further concerns.

These changes undermine the principle of fair and equitable benefit-sharing, which is central to both the original Act and Nagoya Protocol.

By allowing AYUSH practitioners and related industries to access biological resources without prior approval, the amendments open the door to commercial exploitation without adequate compensation to local communities that hold traditional knowledge.

Decriminalization of offenses: Previously, violations could result in imprisonment and fines, however the amendments now replace imprisonment with civil penalties.

What are the Concerns?

The amendments could lead to false claims about the cultivation of bio-resources and potential manipulation by businesses.

It is argued that without stringent oversight, there could be widespread misuse and exploitation of local resources, adversely affecting both biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities dependent on these resources.

In the North East, where traditional knowledge about medicinal plants and ecological management is profound, this change could exacerbate existing socio-economic disparities and contribute to cultural erosion.

Strengthening monitoring systems

The amendments strengthen the role of Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) by clarifying their functions and mandating their establishment in rural and urban areas.

The new provisions also place a stronger emphasis on monitoring biological resources derived from foreign countries, ensuring compliance with international agreements like the Nagoya Protocol.

Way Ahead

It is crucial that the regulatory changes are implemented with strong safeguards, robust monitoring, and active involvement of local communities to ensure that biodiversity conservation and sustainable development go hand in hand.

Balancing economic development with conservation and equitable benefit-sharing will be essential to safeguard India’s rich biological heritage for future generations.

Concerns Over Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Context

The Economic Survey has raised concerns over the forthcoming Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) by the European Union.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

CBAM is the European Union’s tool to put a fair price on the carbon emitted during the production of carbon intensive goods that are entering the EU, and to encourage cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries.

CBAM is one of the elements of the EU Green Deal, the goal of which is to reduce GHG emissions by 55% by 2030.

CBAM is aimed at equalizing the price of carbon paid for EU products operating under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and imported goods.

It refers to a phenomenon where a EU manufacturer moves carbon-intensive production to countries outside the region with less stringent climate policies. Its primary objective is to avert ‘carbon leakage’.

Implementation of CBAM

The CBAM system is expected to come into force on January 1, 2026.

The CBAM will initially apply to imports of Cement, Iron and steel, Aluminium, and Electricity, as these sectors have a high risk of carbon leakage and high carbon emissions.

EU importers will have to buy carbon certificates corresponding to the carbon price that would have been paid in the EU, if the goods had been produced locally.

The price of the certificates would be calculated according to the auction prices in the EU carbon credit market.

Once a non-EU producer can show that they have already paid a price for the carbon used in the production of the imported goods in a third country, the corresponding cost can be fully deducted for the EU importer.

CBAM will apply on: In principle, imports of goods from all non-EU countries will be covered by the CBAM. Certain third countries who participate in the ETS or have an emission trading system linked to the Union’s will be excluded from the mechanism. This is the case for members of the European Economic Area and Switzerland.

Impact on India

As per the Global Trade Research Initiative report India is among the top eight countries that will be adversely affected by CBAM.

In 2022, 27% of India’s exports of iron, steel and aluminum products worth $8.2 billion went to the EU. It is estimated that a few of its core sectors, such as steel, will be “greatly affected” by CBAM.

Raising financial resources for climate change adaptation is an “unprecedented challenge” as India’s climate action has been largely financed through domestic resources and the flow of international finance has been very limited.

                                                                                                                 ---------------------------------------